Law and Environment Essay Example for Free

Law and Environment Essay According to this appeals court, what errors were made by the judge at trial? The judge has made a judicial error by allowing the Plaintiffs counsel to comment on the case about Minichiellos boss being a German with an attitude of hatred and made forced analogies to Nazi Germany and the Holocaust. The judge also allowed irrelevant testimony, which asserted that the Club discriminated against Latinos, Jews, and African-Americans, to the issue of discrimination based on sexual orientation. I agree that awarding $20,000,000 was grossly excessive and has no rational basis, and was an error by the judge as well. 7. Would the police violate a suspect’s Fourth Amendment rights against unlawful search and seizure by secretly placing a GPS tracking device on the suspect’s car for an extended time without first securing a warrant to do so? Explain. See, for example, United States of America v. Lawrence Maynard, 615 F.3d 544 (D.C. Cir. 2010); petition for rehearing en bane denied, United States of America v. Antoine Jones, 625 F.3d 766 (D.C. Cir. 2010). The police would violate a suspect’s Fourth Amendment rights against unlawful search and seizure by secretly placing a GPS tracking device on the suspect’s car for an extended time without first securing a warrant to do so. They have violated his â€Å"reasonable degree of privacy†. Without having a warrant issued will give the ability to have anybody monitored whenever for whatever period of time invading privacy.

Reasons of degradation of mangrove forests

Reasons of degradation of mangrove forests Reasons of degradation of Mangrove forests in Pakistan and its Management. Abstract: Over 600,000 hectares of Pakistans coastline is under mangrove forestation. Coastal mangrove ecosystems in Pakistan have been seriously degraded over the last 50 years as a result of freshwater diversion for agriculture, industrial and urban water pollution, over-fishing in Indus delta andoverharvesting of mangroves by the local communities, sedimentation, and coastal erosion.The Indus delta of Pakistan constitutes the most extensive mangrove forestsapproximately 129,000 ha along the coast. The data for this paper was collected from different reports and from WWF Pakistan. The paper focuses on thereasons of ecological damage ofmangroves in Pakistan and their management through sustainable use of mangrove resources, their protection and conservation.There is also a need for the creation of awareness and education among planners and coastal communities regarding the sustainable management of mangrove forests. The objectives of this paper are: Determination of causes of degradation of the mangrove forests and quantification of the areas destroyed by various factors specially. Decreasing freshwater and silt flows from Indus river. Browsing by camels Industrial and marine pollution. Management of mangrove forests by restoration and with training and awareness among people of that area. Introduction: Mangroves are the marine tidal forests that include trees, shrubs, palms, epiphytes and ferns (Tomlinson, 1986). The plants and animals community associated with mangroves is referred to as the ‘mangal (Macnae, 1968). Mangrove ecosystems have diversity of plants and animals with heterogeneous habitats and adapted to the environmental conditions of highly saline, soft bottomed anaerobic loose mud and silt (Clough, 1992).Amjad and Khan (1983) mentioned the estimated area of mangrove cover in Pakistan is about 283,000 ha consisting of 281,000 ha in Sindh and 2000 ha in Balochistan.It is one of the most productive ecosystems and a natural, renewable resource. Over the last decade, concern has grown over the ways in which human activities have altered the mangrove ecosystems of Pakistan. The rate of degradation of mangrove forests in the Indus Delta has been estimated at 6 percent between 1980 and 1995. At present, only 15 percent of mangroves here are considered healthy (Thompson a nd Tirmizi, 1995). Freshwater scarcity due to upstream diversions of river flows for agriculture,industrial water pollution and algal bloom, overgrazing, browsing by camels, lopping by villagers along the coasts,erosion caused by tidal current, cutting for fuel wood and timber, and unsustainable fishing levels are seen as the main factors associated with biodiversity loss in the mangrove forests on the coasts of Sindh and Baluchistan (IUCN Pakistan, 2005).The Indus delta is not only one of the longest deltas in the world; it is also the largest area of arid climate mangroves in the world. The natural resources it contains are of significant economic importance to Pakistan, and the time is now to conserve what is left whilst it is still in a viable condition, rather than wait until it is too late. It does this by developing zones where various activities can take place, by regulating the levels of these activities to sustainable limits and by encouraging in the participation of local people. The commitment of the main land-owning agencies in the Indus delta is required to make the concept of the Indus delta Biosphere secures a reality (Macintosh and Ashton, 2002). The management of the different resources of the mangrove ecosystem is handled by different agencies of the government, both at central and provincial levels. Forestry, fisheries and land administration agencies, for example, have specific jurisdiction over specific resources in the area of mangrove (IUCN Pakistan, 2005). It is believed that local people living in the coastal areas have been able to manage mangrove forests for their communities (Qureshi, 1984). A current working plan titled â€Å"Working Plan of Mangrove Forests for a 20 year period from 1985-2005 has been prepared with the objectives to protect the coastline from erosion, and to meet the demands of local communities provide them sustained quantities of forest products (Qureshi, 1985). Afforestation and reforestation activities are b eing undertaken on a small and large scale by IUCN in collaboration with Sindh Forest Department. The International Society for Mangroves Ecosystem (ISME) with its headquarters in Okinawa, Japan is encouraging mangrove studies and plantations along the coast of Pakistan (IUCN Pakistan, 2005). There are also many government and non-government organizations under different projects working for the management of mangrove forests in Pakistan these include the WWF, Pakistan, Sindh Forest Department, World Bank, UNDP and UNESCO. Literature review Historical records indicate that the original extent of mangrove forests has declined considerably under pressure from human activity. National proportions of original mangrove cover lost vary from 4 to 84%. For example, in Southeast Asia Malaysia lost 12% from 1980 to 1990 (Ong, 1995); the Philippines originally had 4,300 km2 but now has 1,200 km2 (Primavera, 2000); Thailand had 5,500 km2 in 1961 but 2,470 km2 in 1986 (Aksornkoae, 1993); and Vietnam 4,000 km2 originally to 2,525 km2 today (Spalding et al., 1997). Mangroves have often been considered as unproductive land and their destruction and degradation have been due to the preference for short-term exploitation for immediate economic benefit like shrim farming, rather than long-term sustainable exploitation (Saenger et al., 1983). Underestimation of the total economic value of mangroves and of the impacts of human activities are major factors contributing to the widespread loss and degradation of mangrove ecosystems (Gilbert an d Janssen, 1998). Ong (1995) considers that burgeoning populations are possibly the biggest cause of mangrove destruction and degradation because they rely heavily on marine habitats and resources for food, building materials, building sites and agricultural and recreational areas. They also use coastal areas as a dumping ground for sewage, garbage and toxic wastes. Pollution and poor land use practices within these watershed areas affect downstream marine habitats because sediments and pollutants are ultimately washed into coastal waters. Mangroves have been over exploited or converted to various other forms of land use, for example agriculture, aquaculture, salt ponds, terrestrial forestry, urban and industrial development and construction of dikes and roads (Macintosh, 1996). Global warming could be a significant threat to mangrove cover and biodiversity. Rising water (as a result of melting ice caps) could drown coastal mangrove. Projected climate change could have other effects, such as changes in ocean currents, salinity and surface temperatures. These would alter the species compositions and perhaps trigger local and global extinctionÊ ¹s (McCarthy et al.,2001). Over cutting is another major factor as Mangrove wood (especially Rhizophora spp.) is good for charcoal production because it is heavy, dense, hard and with a high calorific value (Aksornkoae, 1993). The residents of Keti bunder reported that before the construction of Sukkur barrage, the river water used to flow 9 months in the year. After its construction, this was reduced to 7 months due to decreasing flood water, the mangroves forests are being adversely affected,due mainly to salinity resulting from lack of freshwater inflows (IUCN,2005). The damage on account of browsing by camels is serious and extensive. During flood season in the River Indus, the camels from the interior of Sindh migrate to mangrove forests in herd (IUCN, 2005). Increasing populations put pressure on the production for food. Mangroves are often converted for salt production, agriculture and aquaculture. Large tracts of coastal mangrove in Asia have been converted to rice farming (FAO, 1982). The creeks represent an important resource for recreation, water sports and ecotourism for Karachi, which has relatively few such amenities nearby. Such development will change the relationship of the local people with the mangroves and will add additional stresses to the environment unless the developments are planned sensitively preservation of the area for viewing wildlife, such as migrating water fowl, dolphins and mangrove jackals is being considered, and the idea of a mangrove national park (IUCN, 2005). Off-site activities, unrelated to the mangrove ecosystem but detrimental to it, for example oil pollution, diversion of upstream freshwater resources for irrigation and offshore dredging also have detrimental effects on the mangrove ecosystem. Indirect effects of agriculture on mangroves can be seen through diversion of freshwater by agricultural schemes and run-off of agricultural residues. For example, the interception of freshwater for agriculture has severely affected the mangroves in the Indus delta of Pakistan (Hogarth, 2001). Storm damage, coastal erosion, naturally shifting hydrology, climate change and sea level rise. Karachi, which is on the northern edge of the mangrove forests of the Indus Delta, has rapidly grown in population and level of industrial activity. This has increased the pollution load on the mangroves. Along the Korangi creek a number of villages are rapidly growing and their waste is adding to the pollution problem (IUCN, 2005). Governance and institutional failure to effectively manage coastal mangrove resources. Poor planning of coastal land use and implementation of development plans Issues related to enforcement, realistic design of implementation of laws e.g. Zonation. Lack of involvement of communities in decision making (management, development of legislation, enforcement). Lack of understanding and awareness of the value of mangrove ecosystems among various groups of people including policy makers, officials, developers and local people. Compatibility issues. Timber mafia is a major threat to mangroves involved in illegal trading of fuel wood. Conflicts are common between the various departments involved. Weak coordination between different levels and different sectors of government Availability of infrastructure, manpower and equipment are inadequate for effective control over the utilization of mangrove resources (IUCN, 2005). Reserves have been established for the preservation of mangroves ecosystems or to enhance the survival of particular species within these ecosystems in atleast thirty-six countries in the world, (Vannucci, 1996). At the International Level, the common approach to major environmental policy issues has been to formulate conventions, treaties and agreements, which all concerned countries become signatories to. Mangroves are today a global issue because more than 100 countries worldwide have mangrove resources (Spalding et al., 1997). Methods for international and regional management of mangroves include Marine Protected Areas (MPAs), Bio-regional management, Transboundary Protected Areas (TPA) and Biosphere Reserves (BR). The use of protected areas for conservation management has many advantages for mangroves and other coastal ecosystems (Spalding et al.,1997). The number of Transboundary Protected Areas (TBPAs) for mangroves is now growing around the world. In 1988 there were only 59 s uch areas, mainly concentrated in Europe and North America: by 1997 this figure had grown to 136, distributed through all regions of the world (World Conservation Monitoring Centre (WCMC), 1998). Several factors have influenced this growth, including greater support from donors and international assistance for the establishment of TBPAs to enhance biodiversity conservation and sustainable resource use at an ecosystem scale. International cooperation in the Asia-Pacific region has been particularly effective with many countries sharing knowledge from many years experience of mangrove planting for reforestation purposes. International NGOs are the leading agencies in mangrove rehabilitation for example the Danish Red Cross (DRC, 1994) and the UK Save the Children Fund started mangrove planting (Macintosh et al., 1998). At the national level governments should be encouraged to ratify international and bioregional conventions and agreements, and to bring them into law so that they are a lso legally adopted at national level. The expansion of markets has driven exploitation of natural resources to extremes in some places, where levels of investment create imbalance between alternative uses for the same resource. In such cases the poor can be made poorer. Sustainable livelihoods for coastal communities are therefore dependent upon effective management of all interrelated activities in coastal areas to achieve sustainable use of both living and non-living resources, and equitable sharing of the benefits arising (Brown, 1997). There are many forms of tourism but ecotourism or nature-based tourism should be promoted because it reduces the negative social and environmental impacts of tourist visits to an area (Clark, 1998). Reforestation in indus delta and the community participation are both very effective tools for management of mangroves in that area. The proper laws and regulations should be implemented to protect the mangroves (IUCN, 2005). Discussion and Conclusion: An examination of the literature on mangroves reveals that there is still a need for further descriptive studies in Pakistan. A common need idenitified is to develop and improve the scientific knowledge base on mangrove ecology and biodiversity. Mangrove ecosystems have demonstrated high value for forestry and fisheries. They are however, under severe and increasing human pressure because a large proportion of tropical coastal populations is mangrove dependent. Mangrove ecosystems are being exploited on the basis of inadequate information and there is a growing trend toward the utilization of mangrove areas for various and often conflicting purposes.   There is an urgent need to improve and facilitate communication among mangrove scientists themselves and between them and policy makers, planners and mangrove managers. Capacity building should also include assisting stakeholders (local communities and community based organizations, government agencies and departments, university. de partments, research institutions, private companies, national and international NGOs) to increase their capability to participate in mangrove management. For example by providing boats, or boat repair facilities to fishermen and enforcement officers, or by providing equipment to monitor water pollution. People living in an around mangroves should be made aware of the importance of the mangrove ecosystems as a whole. Attempts should be made to make village people understand the environmental and social impacts of large scale exploitation operations on their land; eg. Mangrove fellings for industrialization and urbanization. Moreover active involvement of the community, local government and private industry should be enlisted and harnessed to protect, rehabilitate and conserve mangrove areas. This necessitates a more vigorous extension and information campaign and the participation of the various sectors in planning and implementing of conservation and development program for the mangrove. The coastal areas of the country lack basic amenities such as drinking water, fuel sources, and road infrastructure. Over time, the coastal population has grown as a result of increased returns from fishing, despite the poor physical infrastructure. Consequently, the demand for fresh water for house hold consumption has increased several fold. Local authorities have not assessed the household demand for water, causing the meager water supplies from seasonal rivers on the Baluchistan Coast, in particular, to be under pressure due to population growth. pollution of the marine environment is another proximate cause of biodiversity loss in the coastal areas of Pakistan. Three areas in the coastal region of the Indus Delta are significantly polluted: Keti Bunder (to the south near Sir Creek), the metropolitan center (Karachi, Port Qasim, and Rehri), and the coastline in the west (extending from Sonmiani to Jiwani). The loss of mangrove species during the last 50 years, besides being consistent with the reduced supply of fresh water to the Delta, is also consistent with the increased volume of untreated wastewater discharges from industries and the city of Karachi and its vicinity. In addition, land clearance for the construction of new sea ports, extension of existing sea ports, and establishment of industrial units near the coast has also contributed to the depletion of mangrove cover, particularly in the northern part of the Delta. Lack of alternate fuelwood aggravated the problem. Alternatives, such as kerosene oil or natural gas, are either not available or too expensive for the local communities and ultimately they fulfill their needs by cutting trees. Responsibility for protecting mangrove forests has lain with the Forest Department since the late 1950s, but only very recently has this department shown any interest in conservation of these forests. A mere expansion of responsibilities, without the requisite resources, will not help the Forest Department implement the existing laws. For example, one forest guard alone is given an area of 20,000 to 25,000 acres of mangroves to monitor. At the national level, weak environmental groups coupled with a general lack of political will to control deforestation allow weak implementation of laws to continue. These environmental groups receive inadequate support from international bodies and NGOs, while the absence of strong conditionalities related to environmental protection in larger economic and financial agreements does not promote political will on the part of the government to control deforestation. The conclusion is that the loss of mangrove species over the last 50 years is highly consistent with the reduction of fresh water and silt supplies to the Indus Delta. There is a need to create awarness among people the local government should stricly implement laws to conserve the mangroves forests.

Operations Management At Mcdonalds Management Essay

Operations Management At Mcdonalds Management Essay What is Operation Management? Operations Management is an activity of management which is concerned with the production and delivery of products and service to an organization. The operations functionis the part of the organization that is responsible for this activity. Every organization has an operations function Operation management is very important for any company. And by this function company can grow-up and moving in right way. For example Mc Donalds Mc Donald Corporation was Born in 1940s. It was the first fast food industry in the world market.   And who started a chain system in the world market. It serves some of the world favourite and famous food like French fries, Big Quarter Pounder, Chicken Nuggets and sausage McMuffin with egg as a breakfast. Mc Donald is the leading global food service retailer with more than 33000 local restaurants served by more than 1.7 million   employees p in 122 different countries. Mc donalds serves more than 49 Million customers around the world each and every day. More than 80% of Mc Donalds restaurant worldwide ran by independent local distributor and local public. Mc Donald corporation is grew from beginners and Every year they produce new product or scheme for   attract a customer. By latest news McDonalds introduce a new product as fruit maple oatmeal in its menu in 2011. Mc donald is using a Operation Management system for be in a International market. McDonld process McDonalds manufacturing process is completely transparent to the customer and in the market. Even A customer can see the process of the fast food and they can judge to hygienic standards at Mc Donalds by allowing them to enter where the process took place. A customer has allow to check the ingredients used in food. Inputs Material-Other procedures where the material use which can called a preparation. We have to prepare for all kind of material for making fast food. And Raw material are arranged acoording to the requirement. Example : Ready all kind of sauce, make a ready all vegetable and salads to ready for serve, burgers, Cheese, Chips and extra. Information -Information could do so to transform their informationalproperties. A change the possessionof the information. Example: Mc Donald research market to sell information. Store information about past experience and data about McDonalds Company. Facilities: McDonald has a all kind of facilities for making a food and preparing a food and servicing facility. They have buildings, equipment, plant and process technology of the operation. They provide a good arrangement for workers, servicing. They provide storage and administrative areas. The facility is designed by traditional techniques, scale plans, diagrams, and travel charring very lower cost. Staff   In the McDonalds the people who operates, maintain, plan and manage the operation. the term ‘staff to describe all the people in the Main operation, and any kind of operation. Transformational process The steps needed to transforming inputs into outputs. This is a Main part of transforming process. By transforming process Mc Donald handle a input and outputs servicing and It and maintain Quality services. Output The output has a required to the product and service by the customer. By output Mc Donald give aGood service to customer and satisfaction. They also believe to provide a quality product to a customer. Quality Management Mc Donald maintaining the quality of the goods and services so It can meet the minimum requirements laid by the corporation. For manage and maintain the quality of the product and services they must adobe a quality checks procedure. Quality in McDonald   is very important. And its depend on two main reasons. One reason that, its a legal requirements of the quality of fast food served. And Secondly ,to Maintain the good reputation about McDonalds Corporation earned over the years. Its   very difficult to maintain an quality of food   and therefore McDonalds carry on a number of practices to Double check that quality food is served. Some of these practices are the visited by the food inspector from the Food and Hygienic, supervisor checks etc. 4v challenges in Mc Donald The volume of their output; The variety of their output; The variation in the demand for their output; The degree of visibility which customers have of the production of the product or service. The volume dimension High-volume hamburger production is McDonalds, and they serve millions of burgers in the world each and every. Volume has most thing to implications for the way McDonalds operations are organized. First reason is the repeatabilityof the tasks people are doing and the systemizationof the worked where standard procedures are fix in a manual, with instructions with big volume of the job should be carried out. Also the tasks are systematized and repeated, it is worthwhile developing specialized fryers and ovens. All this given by low unit costs. Now consider a small local cafeteria serving a few ‘short order dishes. The range of items on the menu may be similar to the larger operation, but the volume will be more less than large operation.   And a degree of repetition will also be far lower. and the number of staff will be less. The variety dimension Mc Donald company offers a high-variety service. It may confine its   different type of   fast foods, servicing of people in the restaurant. In order to offer this variety it must be relatively flexible. Employee must have a good knowledge about customer like and dislike. So they can prepaid for that. The variation dimension MC Donald company has a variation dimension in a year. Basically Mc Donald has variation in products. Like, Hot food, and Cold drinks and Ice creams and different type of cold drinks. And Hot chocolates. Customers like cold drinks in summer times than in the middle of winter. And Customer like to drink Hot chocolates in winter time. They have different breakfast as per seasonal time. The visibility dimension Visibility is a slightly more difficult dimension of operations to envisage. It means how much of the operations activities its customers experience, or how much the operation is exposedto its customers. Generally, customer-processing operations are more exposed to their customers than material- or information-processing operations. But even customer processing operations have some choice as to how visible they wish their operations to be. For example, in clothes retailing, an organization could decide to operate as a chain of conventional shops. Alternatively, it could decide not to have any shops at all but rather to run an internet-based operation. Performance Objectives of every organization There are five performance objectives. Speed Cost Quality Dependability Flexibility Organizational structure of McDonalds, affects its performance and helps it to meet its objectives. The organizational structure of McDonalds has a big impact in helping the restaurant to have an effective performance and also boost it to meet its objectives. The production area of McDonalds by ensuring that there is enough food products, packaging for food in order for the restaurant to operate each day, and to requirement of the customers, and that customers needs are met properly. To do this McDonalds orders the food that it require from the suppliers in bulk whenever needed; this is essential due to McDonalds serving the food over a number of customers every day, the restaurant required to be good equipped with food items and packaging for the food so that it can run successfully and not have customers complaining due to the lack of food this According to my study McDonalds has two main performance objectives. Speed How much the time to customer has to stay for their product and the services its called speed. McDonalds aim for drive-thru is 90 seconds. But that is just regular documentation for the report not for every time. Here speed is main objective for McDonalds drive-thru performance, so they have to be accurate on that. If they cant keep that speed for serve the customer in drive-thru during busy time customer will unhappy with the services. For progress that performance McDonalds need to modify the policy and the system to serve the customer that will consume the time to chase the customers order in-time. For perform excellent process they have to follow the sequencing regulations, like when the customer will come first, than priority for that customer is high than the next customer. According to the sequencing system in McDonalds they wish First-In-First-Out Sequencing rules. Some time it could be change on order. If they make two different queues for serve the customer fast by customer s order number. It means two different queues for big and little order that will be supportive to McDonalds serving speed. Cost Cost is usually main objective for McDonalds. For organization complete in price, cost must be a significant objective. If they produce lower price product than it would be cheap for the customer. Most of the organization spends the money first for staff wages, after that machinery, stuff, tools and services. McDonalds provide low cost product. McDonalds food is very cheaper than other Companies food. Mc Donalds give an offer to customers in a meal deal, Burger, sandwich and   more number of people will be attracted by offer and McDonald average cost will decrease. Mcdonalda in some cost cutting strategy include are also investing in energy-saving to equipment Quality Mcdonalds food quality is as good as at used to be long time,this restaurant is already go through periodic inspections in item of quality food,in mcdonalds improving to tranning process and taking care of employees. Well i think the quality and menu at McDonalds needs to improve. Whats with the quarter pounders meat sticking out of the bun? Bun should be the same size as the meat, baru okay for the price that we are paying. For the past 20 years weve all been eathing the same thing, whats new Fold over, Quarter Pounder, Prosperity Burger, Big and Tasty Samurai Burger, Chicken Mc Deluxe all etc. CONCLUSION: We learn from above assignment that operations management is very important for any company as they have a partnership with the overall strategy of the organisation. Mc Donald used an Operation Management system in there channel. And by using a OM system Mc Donald company grow up year by year. McDonalds believes that the success of the restaurants and the company is achieved through the people it employs. MC Donald has a powerful five performance obejectives.The company aims to recruit the best people, to retain them by offering ongoing training relevant to their position and to promote them when they are ready.OM contributes to the strategy and they helps the organisation to gain competitive advantage. For an immediate basis, process planning can help the organisation reduce cost and gain cost advantages and therefore gain competitive advantage. Therefore the organisations must effectively manage the operations of the business as it has a massive effect on the strategy of the organi sation.

Effects of Family Responsibilities and Discrimination on the Career Pro

Introduction Writh noted that despite women becoming increasingly active in economic activities they are still under-represented when it comes to senior management position. She supported this argument by pointing out that 40% of the labour force comprise of women. However, when it comes to top management position; only 20% are women (Writh 2001). This is as a result of a number of barriers which prevent women from function effectively. Family responsibilities, stereotypes that have led to gender discrimination, are perhaps the most notable factors. Despite this negativity women can still perform exceptionally well as senior managers; especially if effective work/life balance initiatives are undertaken. Family Responsibilities Family responsibilities-such as childbearing, rearing and other common household duties which have traditionally been place on women- play are major role in hindering their career progress. These responsibilities reduce the competitiveness of women by adding to them other unpaid responsibilities that men usually do not face (Writh 2001; Adler & Izraeli 1994). This has had profound effect on the ability of women to pursue their career ambitions. Similarly, most employers have resulted in perceiving women as incapable of giving their employment full attention. Actually, evidence point out that women exit the workforce and/or accept part time job at higher rate than men in an effort to balance between the paid (employment) and unpaid (family responsibility) (Kochanowski 2009). Based on Kochanowski (2009) argument, this inability of women to consistently participate in career without breaking off to attend to other family responsibilities hinders them from gaining the necessary skills an d experience needed ... ...Erlbaum, New Jersey. Kraiser, G 2009, Analyzing the Occupational Sex Segregations, McGraw-Hill, New Delhi. Metz, S & Desile 2007, ‘Managing the Diverse Workforce: is Gender Discrimination a Major Issue’, The Public Forum Journal, Vol. 5, no. 12, pp 34-60. Mullins, LJ 2005, Management and Organisational Behaviour (7th ed), Prentice Hall, New Jersey. Moss, N 2002, ‘Choosing Between Family and Career Advancement: Tough Decisions Facing Women’ Gender Management Journal, Vol. 12, no. 20, pp 142-58. Smith, L & Collen 2007, Work-Life Balance and Productivity, Rutledge, London. Shapiro, L & Worcester, S 2008, Gender Differences in Personality and Leadership Traits: A review for Business Leaders, Edward Elgar, Cheltenham. Wirth, L 2001, Breaking Through the glass ceiling; Women in management, International Labour Office, Geneva.

Not the Sound of Silence Footnoting the Pop/Rock Sounds of the Library :: Essays Papers

Not the Sound of Silence Footnoting the Pop/Rock Sounds of the Library While in the University of Arizona's Music Library evaluating their reference collection for a class project, I came across the following book and annotated it for my pathfinder: Green, J. (2002). The Thematic Guide to Popular Music, Nashville: Professional Desk References. This massive guide categorizes music by lyrical theme(s) and/or song titles. For instance, there are listings of songs by days of the week, women's first names and cities around the world. The perennial themes of love, romance and relationships are broken down into 25 sub-categories. Paging through it spurred me to wonder about songs written about or songs referring to libraries or librarians. While there were song listings galore referring to books (e.g., "Book of Love" by the Monotones and "Little Red Book" by Burt Bacharach/ Hal David), librarians and libraries were not even a category, subcategory or even crossed-referenced! This void gave me the impetus to do my own brief exploration and survey, drawing upon the vast resources of the web, friends, and my record collection, of the brief instances where the music world danced in library land. Tori Amos-"Tales of a Librarian" Classmate and Health Science librarian Virginia Sanchez filled me in on this one. I looked it up on Allmusic.com and found it was a collection of her hit songs. The record reviewer MacKenzie Wilson even writes, "Tales of a Librarian: A Tori Amos Collection is not only one of the most intriguing titles for a hits compilation, but the package itself captures only the best from Amos' years spent with Atlantic." BiblioTech editor Lori Ito Hardenbergh recently mentioned that songs on this album are even organized according to the Dewey Decimal Classification (DDC) system! Check out the following link from Library Journal, which succinctly provides "an abstract" to her recorded tales: http://www.libraryjournal.com/article/CA341766 The Librarians A now defunct power-pop band from Oakland, CA who used librarian stereotypes as part their shtick. For example, their band logo includes an illustration of a pair of black-framed glasses with one shattered lens. A photograph of the same motif appears on the back cover of their lone CD (properly clogging the used CD racks of the Bay Area). While they do have a song titled "Peace & Quiet, " I would have bestowed them all with "Superstar Reader" awards if they recorded a concept album where every song had a library theme.

People Who Changed the World

Nelson Mandela was born July 18, 1918 in Mutate, Transfer, South Africa to the chief of Moved, and after his father's death when he was only nine years old, he was raised by the powerful ruler of the Themes Tribe, Contacting Delineated (Book, 2009). His thoughts were organized and disciplined by his father and guardian, who groomed him to someday be chief. It was not by mere chance that Nelson Mandela became the president of South Africa (Book, 2009). Mandela was wise for his years, he dreamed of democracy for his people. He was educated earning a BAA degree in 1942 at University of South Africa.At the University of Watersides he worked on his law degree. Mandela and colleague, Oliver Tomb started South Africans first Black law firm (Book, 2009). Mandela fought tirelessly for the liberation of South Africa. In 1948 Apartheid became the official law of the land in South Africa. Each nationality in South Africa had to live in a separate geographic location, interracial marriage was not allowed, and South Africans had to be registered according to their race (Book, 2009). Mandela arranged a campaign to alleviate the dishonest laws.Charges of treason led him to prison and confinement on several occasions (Book, 2009). The Arriving Trial of 1964 became known all around the world. Mandela again charged with treason but, this time sentenced to life in prison with no chance of parole. Appeals for clemency came to South Africa from abroad and the New York Times editorialist the trial charging the government as the guilty party (Book, 2009). However, for the next eighteen years Mandela was restricted to a maximum security prison on Robber Island off the coast of South Africa.Prison was a mere hindrance for Mandela. His conviction to bring about change grew stronger. He led political study groups and put together Judicial appeals or other inmates while he himself was serving a life sentence (Book, 2009). The violence in South Africa was overwhelming and rampant throughout , killing many innocent women and children. In 1980, with strong suggestion from the NC, a campaign was set in motion by the Johannesburg newspaper to free Mandela (Book, 2009). A petition was drafted which thousands of people willingly signed to demand Mandela's freedom.Mandela was held in high regard, the brave representative of Black South African' fight for freedom (Book, 2009). In 1982 Poolrooms Maximum Security Prison became Mandela's next house of horror. The youth of black South Africans gained recognition and compassion from abroad and the government's rising international criticism of its laws had to be addressed (Book, 2009). In 1985 President Booth's attitude changed, Mandela was involved in secret government meetings. Meetings with the minister of Justice, Kebob Cosset were important and beneficial and led to a more promising future for Mandela and South Africa.February 1 1, 1990 Mandela was released from prison (Book, 2009). Months later Mandela set out on a world tour throughout North America and Europe. He was welcomed as a hero and world leader. In Great Britain he met with Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher. In the US he had discussions with President George H. W. Bush (Book, 2009). In 1991 Apartheid was no more, South Africa became a truly democratic, nonracial government. In 1993, Mandela and F. W. Clerk were awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for the peaceful termination of the Apartheid regime (Book, 2009).Also in 1993 another milestone was reached all South Africans were allowed to vote April 24, 1994. Mandela was elected first Black President in South Africa, he served from 1994 to 1999. Mandela and the government of national unity developed a program that testified blacks and attracted investments from abroad. In 1996 Mandela signed a new South African Constitution into law. The document made the government stronger, guaranteed expressions of freedom and minority rights. The lifelong dream of President Mandela was realized (Book, 2009).Mandel a continued to serve South Africa after he was no longer president (Book, 2009). He died in his home in Johannesburg December 5, 2013. Dry. Martin Luther King, Jar was an American Pastor, activist, humanitarian, and leader in the African- American Civil Rights movement. He was born January, 1929 in Atlanta, Georgia. Unlike Nelson Mandela, he was nonviolent in his pursuit for civil rights. He fought for civil rights until his assassination April 4, 1968 (Martin Luther King, 2011) He was born Michael King, Jar. To a Baptist minister in rural Georgia.Michael King, Sir. Adopted the name in honor of the German Protestant religious leader Martin Luther, which he later followed suit (Martin Luther King, 2011). Martin Luther King had a religious upbringing. His father and grandfather were both Baptist ministers. By the time he was 25 years of age he was the pastor at Dexter Avenue Baptist Church and had completed his Ph. D. In 1955 Martin Luther King, 2011). In 1955 The Montgomery Bus Boyco tt of 1955 spearheaded by Dry. King was a demonstration that led to change in the civil rights of black people.Rosa Parks refused to give up her seat to a white man, she was removed from the bus and Jailed. Rosa Parks and 5 other women appeared as ordered, represented by a lawyer, sued the court for segregation on buses (Martin Luther King, 2011). The Montgomery federal court ruled that segregation on buses violated the 14th amendment. The bus boycott came to an end December 1956 and the Supreme Court prohibited segregation on buses (Martin Luther King, 2011). Black people were no longer required to sit on the back of the bus.Also this courageous boycott aided in the dissolution of the Jim Crow Laws. In 1963, Martin Luther King, Jar. And his constituents assembled the famous March on Washington that congregated more than 200,000 people to the Lincoln Memorial. King made his most renowned, â€Å"l Have a Dream,† speech (Martin Luther King, 2011). In effect the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was constructed. The federal government has declared desegregation of public facilities illegal (Martin Luther King, 2011). While it did not resolve all problems of coordination, the law lessened racial restrictions.

Investment Portfolio Analysis

B6201 – Investments/portfolio theory| Investment Portfolio Analysis| Course Project Task 6| | Crystal Watkins| 10/17/2012| This paper will Identify and explain the major factors driving the market during this week. It will also identify and explain causes of changes in the market and the index. As well as developed investment objectives and defined risk tolerance levels. I will also include a snap shot of my investments and an explanation of why I choose those particular companies. |The trends that I noticed that were going on with my investments this week were: * Apple – Apple  has asked  Foxconn  to tighten quality control measures while manufacturing the iPhone 5 after complaints of scratches on the device’s body, and that has worsened  its supply shortfall. Stricter benchmarks are affecting production of the anodized aluminum housing used in the device, delaying orders for the  phone,  Bloomberg  said. Apple consumers started complaining of nick s and scrapes to the body of the new phone soon after its launch last month, with some saying there were scratches even before the device was unpacked.While the company said in response to the complaints that it was â€Å"normal† for an aluminum product to â€Å"scratch or chip with use, exposing its natural silver color,†Ã‚  internally, it expressed its displeasure to Foxconn. (Rathee, 2012) * Microsoft – Microsoft  is  reportedly  bringing its flagship product, Microsoft Office to both Apple and  Google's  Android-based devices. This comes from Microsoft's Czech Republic Team, and Petr Bobek, a Microsoft Office productivity manager.Microsoft has been hesitant in the past to bring its software outside of the Windows ecosystem, with the noted exception of haphazard versions of Microsoft Office being available for Mac. Bringing Office to iOS and Android, the two dominant mobile operating systems, would be a change in philosophy for Microsoft. (Ciaccia, 2012) * Johnson & Johnson – The delay for Eliquis is perhaps not unexpected given the size of the trial and the mass of data collected. No matter, it is widely believed to be more efficacious and safer than its  Johnson & Johnson’s  Xarelto and Boehringer Ingelheim’s Pradaxa.If approved, it will likely see strong sales growth. The delay will no doubt please JNJ shareholders whose rival drug Xarelto is only just establishing sales. Its partner Bayer has been forecasting peak sales of over Euro 2 billion for Xarelto even after the FDA refused to expand its indications. If these sorts of numbers are baked into JNJ’ forecasts and Eliquis (if approved) starts to grab market share then this will be a blow. (Samaha, 2012) * Pfizer – Pfizer had four major events expected. It had one success (Inlyta), one failure (bapineuzumab) and two delays.As ever with pharma the patience of a Saint is needed. The two biggest drugs (Eliquis and Tofacitinib) saw poten tial approvals delayed until November and March next year respectively. Both are expected to be blockbusters. (Samaha, 2012) * Nike – Corporate Responsibility Magazine has named Nike one of its top corporate citizens. The magazine ranked the Top 10 Best Corporate Citizens  in categories including consumer items, consumer stables, energy and health care. Nike topped the consumer items list, sharing the honor with Mattel and Gap.The rankings were determined using public data related to companies' responses to climate change, employee relations, environment, governance and human rights, among other variables. [ (Journal, 2012) ] * Sprint – Sprint Nextel Corp. ’s Chief Executive Officer Dan Hesse, who took over in December 2007, has worked to fix the mess he was handed after Sprint’s $36 billion acquisition of Nextel in 2005 failed, causing 3. 1 million subscribers to leave the carrier. Now he says that Sprint is on track to return to the black in 2014. Wal l Street has shown increasing faith.Sprint shares are up more than 122% this year, but Hesse is quick to qualify his optimism. I tell the team here, â€Å"You’re not going to see any mission  accomplished  signs anywhere on this campus. †? Bloomberg Business Week reported, that this is a long process. (Marin, 2012) * Verizon – Earlier in the year, wireless carrier  Verizon said  it was planning on expanding its 4G LTE coverage to span over 400 markets by year's end. That was an aggressive goal considering it started the year with only about 190, meaning it was looking to more than double that figure in just one year.Turns out that Big Red wasn't just being overly ambitious, and is actually reaching that goal ahead of time. Speaking at MobileCon, a conference all about mobile IT, Verizon CTO Nicola Palmer said  the carrier is launching LTE in a handful of markets on Oct. 18, bringing its total tally up to a whopping 417, further extending its LTE lead a gainst rivals  AT;T  and  Sprint Nextel. (Evan Niu, 2012) * Target – Radio Shack's partnership with  Target Corp. to place its employees in Target electronics departments is a money-losing deal that Radio Shack should consider ending.The deal, signed in 2009 and  expanded upon in 2011, hasn't replaced the revenue generated by an earlier agreement Radio Shack had to run kiosks in Wal-Mart Stores Inc. Radio Shack's Target business lost $17 million more than it did in 2010, Chai said. But the two companies are apparently working to improve things. Radio Shack's kiosks now get placement in Target circulars, and Radio Shack is boosting training of its staff. [ (Journal S. P. , 2012) ] * Wal-Mart – Wal-Mart Stores Inc. , the world’s largest retailer, rose to the highest ever after the company’s U.S. merchandising head said the back-to-school season was â€Å"very strong. † The shares climbed 3. 3 percent to $76. 59 at 12:46 p. m. in New York af ter earlier reaching $76. 73, the highest intraday price since its initial public offering in 1970. The stock also gained after  Costco Wholesale Corp. posted fiscal fourth-quarter profit that topped analysts’ estimates. Costco rose 3. 5 percent to $103. 08. (Townsend, 2012) * Toyota – Toyota  is issuing a safety recall for 7. 43 million vehicles across the globe. The Japanese car manufacturer said 2. million of the vehicles with potential window problems are in the U. S. The issue involves the power window master switches of some of the company's most well-known brands, including Camry and Corolla sedans and RAV4 sport utility vehicles, built between 2005 and 2010. Toyota  said in a press release that commercial lubricating agents applied to a â€Å"sticky† window switch could potentially melt the switch or even cause a fire. [ (Carroll, 2012) ] Dow  Ã‚  0. 95%  Nasdaq  Ã‚  1. 21% Your portfolios: WatkinsC Total Value $1,001,095. 54 Today's Change 7 ,944. 81  0. 80% SYMBOL| PRICE| CHG  ;  % CHG| 52-WK RANGE| SHARES| MKT VALUE| GAIN  ;  % GAIN| AAPL| 649. 7925| 15. 03| +2. 37%| 363. 32| 705. 07| 150| $97,468. 87|   $15,001,156. 13|   99. 35%| JNJ| ^69. 55| 0. 95| +1. 38%| 61. 05| 69. 80| 1,464| $101,821. 20|   $146,113,831. 92|   99. 93%| MSFT| 29. 49| -0. 02| -0. 07%| 24. 30| 32. 95| 3,247| $95,754. 03|   $324,418,062. 99|   99. 97%| NKE| 97. 24| 1. 63| +1. 70%| 85. 10| 114. 81| 990| $96,267. 60|   $98,795,822. 40|   99. 90%| PFE| ^25. 80| 0. 23| +0. 90%| 18. 15| 25. 92| 4,144| $106,915. 0|   $414,099,477. 12|   99. 97%| S| ^5. 69| 0. 00| +0. 00%| 2. 10| 6. 04| 19,493| $110,915. 17|   $1,949,171,346. 20|   99. 99%| TGT| 62. 90| 1. 09| +1. 76%| 47. 25| 65. 80| 1,549| $97,432. 10|   $154,687,926. 41|   99. 94%| TM| 77. 32| 1. 11| +1. 46%| 60. 37| 87. 15| 1,222| $94,485. 04|   $121,996,414. 80|   99. 92%| VZ| 44. 08| -0. 42| -0. 94%| 35. 32| 48. 77| 2,207| $97,284. 56|   $220,552,175. 14 |   99. 96%| WMT| ^76. 91| -0. 24| -0. 31%| 54. 81| 77. 60| 1,336| $102,751. 76|   $133,318,224. 24|   99. 92%| Total| | | | | | | $1,001,095. 4|   $3,578,154,437. 34|   99. 97%| The above chart is a snap-shot of my portfolio for the week of October 17th as you can see I made a 0. 80% increase or $7,944. 81  cash profit since my initial investment, which is a $ 7069. 02 positive difference and a huge increase from last week’s profits. Works Cited Carroll, D. (2012, October 10). Toyota Recalls 7. 43 Million Vehicles. Retrieved October 10, 2012, from The Mootley Fool: http://www. fool. com/investing/general/2012/10/10/toyota-recalls-743-million-vehicles-globally. spx Ciaccia, C. (2012, October 10). Here's Microsoft's Most Bullish Move in Years. Retrieved October 10, 2012, from The Street: http://www. thestreet. com/story/11733394/1/heres-microsofts-most-bullish-move-in-years. html? puc=yahoo;cm_ven=YAHOO Evan Niu, C. (2012, October 10). Verizon's Big Red Footprint G ets Bigger. Retrieved October 10, 2012, from The Mootley Fool: http://www. fool. com/investing/general/2012/10/10/verizons-big-red-footprint-gets-bigger. aspx Journal, P. B. (2012, October 9). Nike on ‘Best Corporate